Metabolic+processes+notes

Student-created notes for the metabolic processes unit.


 * March 7, 2012**
 * Alice Li**


 * Thursday, March 8th, 2012**
 * Corinne Brassem**

Summary of what we did today: Answers to homework questions:


 * Monday March 19, 2012**
 * Ayesha Tasneem**

Today's note was a fill-in-the-blanks handout package: Today's lesson also covered some relevant diagrams on the board: Today's Homework: -Page 115 Questions #1-7,9 -Read Page 103-108 (to get ready for next lesson)
 * Tuesday March 20, 2012**
 * Alice Li**


 * Thursday March 22, 2012**
 * Kate D**

Hey everyone, I know someone else is on notes today BUT I wanted to share the links to the videos we've watched:

Glycolysis: []

Krebs (also covers pyruvate oxidation) []

ETC []

The notes are looking great!


 * Olivia W **

//Corina Lee//
 * Monday, March 26th, 2012**

OKAY SO WE DIDN'T LEARN MUCH... we reviewed the note about ETC/chemiosmosis. Played with magnets and constructed the ETC and chemiosmosis process. We also went over several questions from the Anaerobic Pathways section that we were supposed to take notes on. 1. What is fermentation? The transfer of hydrogen atoms from NADH to an organic compound, but NOT using the ETC.
 * Some typical questions about ethanol fermentation:**

2. Does it happen in humans? No.

3. Why does ethanol evapourate in bread but not wine or beer? Because baking bread at a higher temperature allows for the ethanol to evapourate. 4. Is the glycogen related to this? What role does it play? Carbs are always stored as glycogen in the liver, no matter what. It does not have a relationship with the anaerobic or aerobic pathways - you'll use glycogen if you need it.


 * Homework questions:**

How is ethanol produced? After glycolysis, we are left with two 3-C pyruvates. CO2 is removed and you are left with an acetaldehyde. The 2 H+ from the 2NADH attach to the acetaldehyde, making ethanol. NADH (lost H+) and becomes NAD+, meaning that it is recycled and glycolysis continues. Byproducts of ethanol fermentation? The byproducts are CO2 and 2NAD+. Real life application? We use the CO2 to make bread rise, and the ethanol byproduct as drinking alcohol in beer/wine. Causes of Lactate Fermentation? When you exercise vigorously, glucose is being produced faster than oxygen can be supplied.

How is lactate formed? The 2H+ from 2NADH gets transferred to the 3-C pyruvate (the CO2 does not come off), making lactate. We filled out the **cellular respiration summary** at the end of the ETC/Chemiosmosis package. This is what you need to know for this section:

(the arrows just show you were the stuff came from)

Some people also wanted the answers to the **hmk answers on page 115 #1-7, 9:**

1. Raw materials needed for one molecule of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation are ADP, Pi (inorganic phosphate), and a substrate enzyme. 2. a) In eurkaryote cells, glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. b) Glycolysis means "breaking sugar".

3. One molecule of glucose stores more potential energy than two molecules of pyruvate because: - more bonds in glucose - ATP is made during glycolysis, so by the end of it, when you're left with 2 pyruvate, you lost the energy in 2 ATP and the process of breaking glucose down - 2 NADH is made as well, which has a lot of energy that is used later on So, the amount of energy left in 2 pyruvate is very little compared to one glucose molecule.

4. a) The final products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H+ (this is the net, which may differ from the textbook answers). Kate said that she would be very clear on the test if she wants the net, or total produced and that kinda stuff. b) The two products of glycolysis that may be transported into mitochondria for further processing are NADH and pyruvate.

5. Substrate-level phosphorylation is direct transfer of the phosphate. Oxidative phosphorylation is seen in the electron transport chain, where a series of redox reactions occur and a phosphate group is indirectly transferred (like when the energy from the H+ atoms passing through ATPase is used to phosphorylate the ADP and Pi). This is much a much more complicated step and much more ATP is produced.

6. How ADP and ATP differ in structure: ATP has one more phosphate group on the adenosine. In free energy content: Because of that extra high energy phosphate group, it has way more free energy. That is why when you need energy, you need ATP because you are essentially breaking off one of the phosphate groups.

7. The cell types in increasing mitochondria: fat cell, skin cell, nerve cell, heart muscle cell. Reason why heart muscle has the most: it is constantly beating. Fat cells have the least because they don't do much; they just chill. The skin and nerve... you don't REALLY know, but I think Kate would make it really obvious (like how myocardium has the most mitochondria).

8. Functions of the mitochondrial membranes in energy metabolism: - outer membrane acts a cell membrane and has transport proteins that allow some substances in and out (this allows the pyruvate to enter from the cytoplasm to the matrix)

- inner membrane divdes the matrix and intermembrane space; Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix and the H+ gets pumped out to the intermembrane space during the ETC/Chemiosmosis, and the innermembrane barrier is what helps make ATP - inner membrane is also where all the complexes of the ETC are located

9. a) Cellular respiration reactions are enzyme catalyzed because - enzymes are very substrate specific, and since cellular respiration has so many steps using similar compounds for each step, it is important to keep everything in order and enzymes can do this because they are very specific, ensuring that things will not get messed up - enzymes break activation energy level down, and make one huge step into many little steps; heat won't be lost and there would be enough energy to make ATP in the end. If not enzyme catalyzed and everything happens at once, there would be a lot of heat lost and no energy left to make ATP - because not a lot of heat, we are able to regulate body temperatures b) If we do not have hexokinase, which is a necessary enzyme in the first step of glycolysis, then glycolysis would not be able to happen, the animal will not be able to use energy, and die. We have a lab tomorrow! So prepare everything. We also have a test coming up on Thursday! STUDY!
 * HOMEWORK:**

2 Questions to be added for review: 1. Explain the importance of having an electrochemical gradient. What is it and why do we need it? 2. Who is the final electron acceptor and why?


 * March 27, 2012**
 * Mandy Durkin**

Here's a link with a good quiz to prepare for the test: [] (we've covered most of this stuff, if it was never mentioned...we don't have to know it) Also here are some review videos [] [] [] []
 * March 28 - Celine Gaghadar**

Here's a link that summarize cellular respiration I found this next video very interesting. It takes a deeper look at whats happening in mitochondria. I was able to identify the ATP synthase. You can also try this quiz just for fun! []
 * March 29 - Eisha Vijay**
 * []
 * []


 * April 5th- Ayesha Tasneem**


 * April 10- Geoff Klein**

- picked groups for Mythbusters presentations
 * April 11- Geoff Klein**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj_WKgnL6MI this is a great video showing the process of non-cylic electron flow
 * April 12- Geoff Klein**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_XQR800AgM this is another good video that summarizes the Calvin Cylce

Today we did our lab on Spinach Chromatography and Chlorophyll Fluorescence. Here are some good links to help you with your lab reports! Chromatography: [] Fluorescence: []
 * April 16- Rochelle White**

Questions: From what nm to what nm is visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum? How much percent of sunlight is actually made into carbohydrates? What colour do xanthophylls absorb, and what colour do they appear?

What is the most abundant protein on earth? Why do leaves have a waxy coat on top of them? What is another name for phase one of the Calvin Cycle?

Today we had a test! Hope everybody did well :) Just a few things to keep in mind: - This Friday, April 20th, you can participate in the earth day cleanup during your lunch. - Bio Lab report due Wednesday, April 25th.
 * April 18 - Nathan Menezes**